CC-01 Study Notes Marks 7 & 16 (English Version)

    CC-01 

Study Notes 

Marks 7 & 16

 (English Version)

Q: Who is the theory of 'active adaptation '? Briefly state the main idea of this theory.
North:

1. Promoter:

The theory of "active adaptation" was developed by Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist and epistemologist.

2. Key Context:

This theory is related to the child's cognitive development. Piaget sees the children's learning process as active. According to him, the child himself acquires knowledge by establishing an active relationship with the environment.

3. Key Concepts of 'Active Follower':

• A. Active participation: The child not only reacts to external stimuli, he himself strives to find solutions to problems.
• B. Interaction with the environment: The child examines things around him, thinks, and observes the results.
• C. Self-organization ability: The child forms new ideas from his own experience and adapts to old ideas.
• Accommodation & Assimilation: The child changes old ideas to adapt to new situations (accommodation) and adds new experiences to existing knowledge structures (assimilation).
• E. Age-wise Stage Development: According to Piaget, children's intellectual development occurs in certain stages such as sensory-dynamic, pre-definitional, organizational, and formal thinking levels.

4. Conclusion:

In active reproduction theory, the child is not a passive receiver, but rather an active participant in the acquisition of knowledge. He thinks for himself, questions questions, finds solutions to problems and learns to adapt himself to new situations. This theory emphasizes the child's self-reliant learning.

 

Q:  Write briefly about any seven determinants of 'attention'.
Attention is a mental process that refers to the mental centering on a particular object or activity. Some of the important determinants of attention are discussed below:

1. Nature of Stimulus:

Bright, moving, interesting or heterogeneous objects easily attract attention. For example, sound or light.

2. Relevance:

The focus is more on the subject that is related to the needs or interests  of the person. For example, during hunger, there is more attention to food issues.

3. Attractiveness and Innovation (Novelty and Attractiveness):

New or unfamiliar things arouse people's curiosity and attract attention.

Practice and Habit:

Attention is fixed on the work that is regularly practiced. Accustomed work helps to maintain attention.

Physical and Mental Condition:

Body fatigue, anxiety, illness or overstimulation can disrupt concentration. Wellness helps to increase attention.

Intention and Purpose:

If a task is done to meet a specific goal, then there is more attention. Example: Reading the test.

Personality and Interests:

If the person is interested in the subject, his attention is naturally more. At the same time, a confident person remains focused.

Conclusion:
Many internal and external factors influence attention. Environmental and mental preparation are important for developing attention.

 

Q: Briefly describe the relationship between play and the physical and social development of the child.

Play is the natural activity of children. It is not only a source of joy, but also plays an important role in the overall development of the child. Below is the impact of sports on physical and social development.

1. Impact of play on physical development:

A. Muscle and Bone Development:

Running, jumping,  jumping, etc. increase the strength of children's muscles and bones.

B. Coordination and Balance:

Through play, children learn hand-eye coordination, maintaining the balance of movement, coordination of sight and hearing.

C. Health Protection and Disease Prevention:

Regular play boosts the child's immune system and prevents obesity.

D. Increase Strength and Endurance:

Physical play increases the child's stamina and endurance.

2. Impact of Play on Social Development:

A. Learning Teamwork:

In team play, children acquire cooperation, responsibility and leadership qualities.

B. Discipline and Discipline:

Children understand the importance of discipline and fairness when following the rules of the game.

C. Formation of Social Relations:

While playing with classmates, children develop friendships and learn social behavior.

D. Emotion Control:

By accepting both victory and defeat, children learn impulse control and tolerance.

Conclusion:

Play is not just entertainment for the child, but it is an effective means of enhancing his physical ability and social skills. A healthy and constructive play environment is conducive to the overall development of the child.

 

Q: Give two examples of how children learn through imitation.

Imitation is a primary process of learning, through which children adopt different behaviors, languages, social customs, etc., seen in the environment. Children learn most of their early life education through imitation.

Example 1: Language Learning Process

• Description:
  The child learns to pronounce the same way by listening to the way adults talk around him. For example, when the mother says "water", the child also gradually learns to pronounce the word.
• Analysis:
   There is no direct taught, rather language learning takes place through imitation. It develops naturally.

Example 2: Learning Social Behavior

• Description:
  For example, children learn to behave in the same way when their parents greet or say "thank you" to someone.
• Analysis:
   In this way, children learn by imitating social etiquette, code of conduct, courtesy, etc., which form the basis of future social life.

Conclusion:

Children learn by imitating the actions or words of adults through observation without analyzing themselves. Imitation is a normal and important component of child development, which is essential in the initial stages of learning.

 

Question: What do you mean by "self-belief"? Briefly state any four of these criteria.

Self-concept refers to the child's perception of himself – his inner perception of "who I am", "what can I do", "how much I am worth", etc.

The four determinants of self-realization:

1. Family Environment:

• The use of parents, brothers and sisters towards the child, praise or criticism plays an important role in building his self-esteem and confidence.
• If there is love and respect in the family, then self-sense is strong.

2. Teachers and Schools:

• The teacher's behavior, reaction, and recognition affect the child's sense of self.
• For example, if he gets the teacher's encouragement or reward, he feels worthy.

3. Relationship with friends:

• The acceptance or rejection of classmates shapes the child's sense of self.
• If there is acceptance in the peer group, the child's self-esteem increases.

4. Experience of success and failure:

• The success of the child (such as good results, winning competitions) builds self-confidence.
• If failure happens repeatedly, he may feel incapable.

Conclusion:

Self-consciousness plays a fundamental role in the psychological development of the child. It affects not only self-esteem, but also his education, behavior and future personality formation.

 

Question: Answer: Describe the child's developmental development in childhood.

Late childhood or the period of 6-12 years  is an important stage in the social and emotional development of children. At this time, the child becomes more deeply involved with the external world and learns self-control.

1. Increased control of emotions:

• At this time, the child gradually learns to control emotions like anger, joy, sadness, etc.
• Discipline and responsibility are expressed in behavior.

2. Increased self-esteem and self-consciousness:

• Children begin to become aware of their own values, skills and identity.
• Competitive spirit increases, resulting in self-confidence.

3. Sense of empathy and cooperation:

• The child understands the feelings of others at this stage, shows empathy, and participates in cooperation.
• They learn to work in teams and begin to understand social norms.

4. Feeling of fear and shame:

• The child is aware of the other's point of view at this stage, resulting in a tendency to be afraid or ashamed.
• For example, if you do poorly in the exam or feel ashamed of the teacher's scolding.

5. Formation of Morals and Values:

• The child tries to understand right-wrong, good-bad, etc., and internal morality is created.
• The role of family, school and community is important.

Conclusion:

Post: Childhood is a sensory and structural stage of a child's sensory development. During this time, emotional control, identity formation, empathy and morality develop, which lays the foundation for future personality.

Q: Describe the principles of Spinner's theory of 'active compliance'.

American psychologist Jerome Bruner  proposed Spinner's Spiral Curriculum and Active Adaptation Theory.

 According to the theory of 'active reproduction', the child himself forms knowledge by actively interacting with the environment. It is an iterative learning method, where the same concept is taught progressively deep and comprehensively.

Principles:

1. Active participation:

The student is treated not only as a receiver of information, but as a information seeker. They learn by solving problems.

2. Prior Knowledge Based Learning:

Teaching is built on prior knowledge or prior experience. New ideas are joined to the old.

3. Spiral Curriculum:

The same subject is taught at different levels, in an increasingly complex way. It increases learning depth and practice.

4. Active Mental Processes:

Students learn using high mental actions such as analysis, comparison, evaluation, etc.

5. Social Context of Learning:

Social discussion,  collaboration from classmates and the empathetic role of the teacher are essential for learning.

Conclusion:
 Brunner's theory presents learning as active, meaningful, and progressive. It is a strong foundation of child-centered education.

 

Q: Write any definition of the game. Describe any three importance of play in the social and emotional development of the child.

Definition of the game:

Freud said, "Play is the child's work." That is, the game is the real work of the child; It is a natural means of its mental, physical and social development.

Three importance in the social and demonstrative development of the game:

1. Development of social relations and communication:

In team sports, children learn cooperation, discipline, responsibility, respect for each other and friendship.

2. Ability to control and express emotions:

Through play,    children learn to express and control all kinds of emotions – joy, anger, defeat, victory. It creates a mental balance.

3. The habit of obeying morals and rules:

There are certain rules in the game. Children learn to obey the rules, accept victory and defeat and learn justice—this is helpful in their demonstrative formation.

Conclusion:
Play is a unique tool for the overall development of the child, especially its impact on the social and emotional aspects is very positive.

 

Q: Whose theory of learning is about effort and mistake? Briefly describe the three characteristics of this theory.

Proponents:

This theory was developed by Edward L. Thorndike.

Fundamentals:

According to trial and error learning theory, learning is a process in which individuals learn to determine the right response through various attempts and mistakes.

Three features:

Multiple Attempts:

The student finds the right answer or path through multiple attempts.

Learning from Errors:

First learn through mistakes, then correct mistakes and form the right method.

Law of Effect: The feedback that results in satisfaction  is repeated in the future and perpetuates learning.

Conclusion:
 Thorndike's theory presents learning as a realistic and empirical process.

 

Q: Write down four characteristics of a multifocal classroom. Give three importance to the teacher in such a classroom.

North:

Multigrade/Multi-Class Classroom:

It is a classroom where students of multiple classes or different ages are taught together, especially in rural or limited resource schools.

Four features:

1. Multiple classes combined:

Students of multiple classes are present in the same room, for example, class 1 and 2 are taught together.

2. Limited Teachers:

A teacher is responsible for more than one class.

3. Stage-based lesson plan:

Lesson plans are designed in such a way that they are suitable for students of all classes.

4. Self-Help and Interpersonal Learning:

Students learn with each other's help, and self-learning skills improve.

Three Importance of Teacher:

1. Effective Lesson Planning:

Teachers have to create different lesson plans by age and class so that everyone benefits.

2. Leadership and Coordination:

The teacher has to create an environment of discipline and cooperation among the students by leading.

3. Time Management and Use of Materials:

The teacher has to teach efficiently by dividing the time and using auxiliary materials.

Conclusion:
The role of the teacher in the multidimensional classroom is very complex and important. With proper planning and management, this classroom can be transformed into effective learning centers.

Marks 16

Stages and characteristics of Kohlberg's moral development

According to Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development, human moral reasoning  develops at 3 basic levels and 6 sub-levels. Below is each layer and its characteristics:

1. Pre-Conventional Level

(Age: 4-10 years)

At this level, children make moral decisions based on punishment or reward.

Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation

• Properties:
1. The right and wrong of the work is determined by the fear of punishment.
2. Obeys the orders of the authorities (parents, teachers).
3. Morality is governed by external laws (e.g. "If you steal, you will be taken away by the police").

Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange

• Properties:
1. The correctness of the work depends  on personal convenience.
2. "I will do for you, you will do for me" – this attitude works.
3. Trying to avoid punishment or get rewards (e.g. "If you do homework, the teacher will give good marks").

Traditional Level (Conventional Level)

(Age: 10-13 years) At this level, the individual  makes moral decisions based on society's rules, expectations and approvals.

Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships

• Properties:
1. The satisfaction and acceptance of  others is important.
2. Tries to be a "good person" (e.g. cooperate, don't lie).
3. Behaves according to society's expectations (e.g. showing respect).

Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order

• Properties:
1. Prioritizes laws, duties and social orders.
2. Breaking rules is considered a crime (e.g. "Obey traffic signals").
3. They want to maintain the stability of society.

3. Post-Conventional Level

(Age: 13+ years, only 25% of adults reach this level) At
this level, individuals  make decisions based on independent moral principles.

Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights

• Properties:
1. Values human rights and the welfare of society.
2. Considers the law to be flexible (e.g. "unjust law can be disobeyed").
3. In favor of change in the democratic process.

Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles

• Properties:
1.  Decisions are based on justice, equality and human rights.
2. The conscience of the individual is the ultimate indicator (e.g. Mahatma Gandhi's Satyagraha).
3. Law gives primacy to moral principles.

Four Importance of Kohlberg's Theory

1. Application in Education:
• Group discussions, debates and case studies based on moral conflicts  can be used to develop moral reasoning for students.
2. Social Development:
• Respects the law and increases human rights awareness in society.
3. Psychological Research:
• Analyzing the psychology of children and adolescents is made easier by understanding the stages of moral development.
4. Family and Legal Implications:
• Parents and legislators understand how moral decisions are formed at different ages.

Criticism

• Cultural bias: Kohlberg's theory  gives primacy to Western индивидуали, morality can differ from society to society.
• Gender bias: Carol Gilligan argues that women's morality is based on the "principle of care," which is neglected in Kohlberg's theory.

Conclusion

Kohlberg's theory gave a framework for moral development, which made important contributions to education, psychology, and sociology. But it's not universal—the concept of morality can vary by culture and gender.

 

Constructivism: Definition, Types, and Educational Application of Vygotsky's Theory

What is constructivism?

Constructivism is an epistemological and teaching-learning theory that explains how people actively structure their knowledge. The main point of this theory is:

·         Knowledge does not exist objectively,  but is formed by the individual in his experience, thought and social context.

·         Learning is an active process where students connect new information to prior knowledge.

·         The role of the teacher is  either the facilitator, or the only source of knowledge.

Types of constructivism

Constructivism can be divided into two main categories:

1.    Cognitive Constructivism (Jean Piaget)

o    Key Concept:  The individual forms knowledge through his own thoughts, explorations, and experiences.

o    শিখনের ধাপ (Piaget's Stages):

§  Sensitive-working period (Sensorimotor, 0-2 years)

§  Pre-operational (2-7 years)

§  Concrete Operational (7-11 years)

§  Formal Operational (11+ years)

o    Application in Education:

§  Giving students experiential learning.

§  Giving opportunities to solve problems and discover.

2.    Social Constructivism (Lev Vygotsky)

o    Key concept:  Knowledge is formed through social interaction, language and culture.

o    Important Concepts:

§  Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD):  The difference between what a student can do independently and what someone can do independently.

§  Scaffolding: Temporary assistance from a teacher or skilled person.

§  Social dialogue: Knowledge building through discussion and collaboration.

o    Application in Education:

§  Group Work and Collaborative Learning.

§  The teacher should act as a "knowledge assistant."

Educational Implications:

1. Importance of Collaborative Learning:

• Knowledge learned through teamwork, pair-building, discussion is permanent.

2. The Role of the Teacher:

• The teacher is not only a source of knowledge, but also a helper, guide and well-planner.

3. Importance of Language:

• According to Vygotsky, language is not only a means of expression, but also helpful in the formation of thought.

4. Importance of Social Environment:

• A positive, friendly and collaborative environment is conducive to student learning.

5. Education is Individual and Context-Dependent:

• The learning pattern is different according to the background of each student.

Conclusion:

Vygotsky's constructivism explains learning in the background of social interactions. It lays the  foundation for student-centered, participatory and experience-based learning  in the current education system.   This theory is essential to make the child a thoughtful and inquisitive  person, not just a recipient of information.

 

Define the game. What are the types of games? Briefly describe the features of the game.

Play is a child'  s natural instinct to learn, have fun, and develop.

Jean Piaget বলেন: "Play is the work of childhood."

 Play is not only entertainment for the child, but  also one of the means of intellectual, social and physical development. It is a spontaneous, pleasurable and purposeless yet rewarding activity.

Definition of the game

Play is a spontaneous, purposeful and pleasurable activity that helps in physical, mental, social and emotional development. It is a natural learning medium for children.

Types of games

The game can be divided into 6 main parts:

1. Physical Play:
• Examples: running, jumping, cycling, playing football.
• Purpose: Increase physical fitness, coordination and strength.
2. Symbolic Play:
• Examples: puppet play, playing imaginative characters.
• Purpose: Development of language and thought.
3. Constructive Play:
• Examples: building houses with blocks, building fortifications with sand.
• Purpose: Creativity and problem-solving skills.
4. Games with Rules:
• Examples: Cricket, Ludo, Chess.
• Objectives: Improve discipline, teamwork and reasoning skills.
5. Social Play:
• Examples: team sport, role-play (doctor-patient game).
• Objectives: Learning social skills and collaboration.
6. Dramatic Play:
• Example: Acting in professional roles (teacher, doctor).
• Purpose: Understanding society and culture.

Game Features

1. Spontaneity: Play is usually done voluntarily and for pleasure.
2. Purposefulness:  Helps in physical, mental and social development.
3. Creativity: Helps in generating new ideas and solutions.
4. Rules and structure: Some sports have strict rules (cricket), while others are informal (imaginative games).
5. Social interaction: In team play, children learn leadership, cooperation, and competition.
6. Joyful: The main purpose of play is to take pleasure, although it is also a means of learning.

Role of Play in Education

• Helps in child development (physical, mental, social).
• Increases creativity and critical thinking.
• Improves language and communication skills.
• Teaches impulse control and social skills.

Conclusion

Both constructivism and play are very important in education. Constructivism refers to the process of knowledge formation, while play is a natural and effective way of developing the child's overall development. Teachers and parents should use these theories and methods to make education more interesting and fruitful.

Write down four reasons for the separation of parents from children. Describe any four effects on a child's socialization.

Four reasons for the separation of parents from children

The role of the family is very important in the development of the child. But for various reasons,  there is a physical, mental or emotional separation of the child with his parents, which has a profound effect on the child.

 Family Divorce or Separation:

• In the event of a divorce, one of the parents usually moves away from the child.
• This puts the child in a state of anxiety, which can lead to stress, insecurity and emotional problems.

 Migration or Job Relocation:

• If one of the parents goes to another city or country for work, the child often grows up with grandparents.
• This physical distance also creates emotional distance.

 Death or Serious Illness:

• Due to the death of a parent or long-term illness, the child causes mental sadness, grief and panic.
• This can destroy the child's confidence and stability.

 Neglect or Emotional Unavailability:

• If the parent does not care for the child or is emotionally distanced, the child feels that he is neglected.
• This has a negative impact on the child's self-esteem.

Four Effects of Parental Separation on a Child's Socialization

 Socialization refers to the process of learning the behaviors, language, values,  and etiquette necessary for living in society. Parents play the primary and important role in this process of the child.

Separation from parents can have several negative effects on this process:

Lack of emotional security:

• Children usually feel safe and affectionate in contact with their mother or father.
• Segregation destroys this sense of security, making the child anxious and unconfident.

Development of Improper Social Behaviour:

• Parents play an important role in shaping a child's behavior.
• In their absence, children do not learn properly – as a result, responsibility, rules, etiquette, etc. are not properly created.

Peer Pressure or Deviant Influence:

• If the child does not get the guardianship of the family, others – especially negative friends or the elderly – are affected.
• It creates misguided behavior, such as behavioral problems, lying,  a crisis of self-confidence.

Weakness in Communication & Language Skills:

• The influence of the intimate environment is essential to the development of a child's language.
• This communication is reduced due to lack of parents, which can weaken language knowledge and expressive ability.

Conclusion:

The relationship between the parents and the child is not only of blood,  but also the basis of mental security, social education and moral value formation. Separation from parents has a serious impact on the psychological and social development of the child. Therefore, it is necessary to help the child through alternative love, sympathy and guidance, so that he can establish himself in a healthy social life.

 

What is attention? What are the effects of attention. Broaden the determinants of attention.

 

Definition of Attention

Attention is the selective concentration of consciousness in which a person consciously meditates on a particular stimulus or activity and ignores other stimuli.

• Example: Ignoring student phone notifications while listening to the teacher in class.
• Opinions of psychologists:
• William James: "Attention is a state of mind that simultaneously takes one from many possibilities and suppresses the rest." "
• Max Call: "Attention is the process of selecting stimuli. "

 

Effects of attention

The following effects can be seen as a result of attention:

1. Increased clarity of the stimulus: The object or information being paid attention can be perceived more clearly.
2. Learning Improvement: Information is stored in long-lasting memory through attention.
3. Increases reaction skills: An attentive person can make quick and correct decisions.
4. Reduced mistakes: Mistakes increase due to lack of attention (e.g., the risk of accidents due to using the phone while driving).
5. Stress management: Helps reduce anxiety by increasing attention, meditation and concentration.

 

Determinants of Attention

The focus depends  on two types of factors:

External factors (external factors)

External stimuli that attract attention:

• Size: Large objects (billboards, posters) attract more attention than small objects.
• Intensity: Loud sirens, bright lights (neon signs) increase attention.
• Change:  A sudden light go out or a change in sound (e.g., a sudden shouting in class).
• Motion: Moving objects (birds, cars) are more attractive than stationary objects.
• Novelty: Unusual or unexpected objects (wearing a mask in class).
• Colors: Bright colors (red, yellow) attract attention.

Internal Factors (Internal Factors)

The person's own psychological and physical state:

• Motivation: If there is interest, attention increases (fan interest in watching cricket matches).
• Emotion: Fear, joy or curiosity affects attention (the attention of a feared child is easily distracted).
• Expectation: Focuses on preconceived notions (trying to read before getting the question paper in the examination hall).
• Experience: Quick attention to familiar things (responding to name calls).
• Physical state: Fatigue, loss of appetite or illness.

 

Types of Attention

1. Voluntary Attention:
• Requires conscious effort (e.g., reading books, studying for exams).
• Goal-oriented (goal-directed).
2. Involuntary Attention:
• Spontaneous attraction (e.g., sudden hearing and staring).
• Depending on the characteristics of the stimulus (loud noise, bright light).
3. Habitual Attention:
• Habitual (eg,  the patient's normal reaction to seeing the doctor's stethoscope).

 

The Importance of Attention

• In education: Attentive learners learn quickly.
• In professional life: Increases productivity (e.g., surgeon, driver).
• In everyday life: increases security (attention when crossing the street).

Conclusion

Attention is the cornerstone of knowledge acquisition, decision-making, and skill development. Its determinants work in combination with both external and internal. Increasing attention requires avoiding multitasking, meditation, and adequate rest.