BSAEU B.ED. 1ST SEMESTER PYQ SOLVE SERIES
2022-2024
Contents
Course 1.1.1 (1st half)
“Childhood and Growing up:
Developments and its Characteristics”
Group-A (Short Answers: 2×5=10)
Answer any five, each within 50 words
1. i) What is meant by Schema?
- Schema refers
to a cognitive framework or concept that helps individuals organize and
interpret information. According to Piaget, schemas are mental structures
that develop as children interact with the environment. They serve as
patterns of thought or behavior to process new experiences.
ii) What is ID and Superego?
- The Id is
the primitive component of personality, present at birth, driven by
instinctual urges and the pleasure principle. The Superego develops
later and represents the moral standards and ideals acquired from parents
and society, guiding judgments of right and wrong.
iii) Mention any four principles of Development.
- Development
is sequential: Occurs in an orderly fashion.
- Development
is continuous: Progresses throughout life.
- Rates
of development vary: Each individual develops at their own pace.
- Development
is interrelated: Physical, cognitive, and emotional growth
influence each other.
iv) Write two causes of individual difference.
- Heredity: Genetic
makeup leads to differences in intelligence, abilities, and personality.
- Environment: Upbringing,
education, social background, and culture play critical roles in shaping
individual differences.
v) What is Babbling?
- Babbling is
the repetitive production of meaningless sounds and syllables by infants,
usually around 6 months of age. It is a precursor to language development
and helps in the formation of speech patterns.
vi) What is Assimilation?
- Assimilation is
a process described by Piaget where new experiences are integrated into
existing schemas without changing them. It means understanding new
information based on current cognitive frameworks.
vii) What is meant by the stage of "Storm and
Stress"?
- The "Storm
and Stress" stage refers to adolescence, a period marked by
emotional upheaval, conflicts, mood swings, and identity crises as
individuals transition from childhood to adulthood.
Group-B (Short Essay Answers: 5×3=15)
Answer any three, each within about 150 words.
2. Mention the components of language development.
Mention any four differences between growth and development.
Components of Language Development:
- Phonology: Understanding
and using speech sounds.
- Semantics: Learning
meanings of words and sentences.
- Syntax: Grasping
grammatical structure and sentence formation.
- Pragmatics: Using
language appropriately in social contexts.
- Morphology: Understanding
word forms and how they change.
Four Differences between Growth and Development:
- Growth
is quantitative; development is qualitative: Growth refers to
measurable changes (height, weight), while development involves changes in
abilities, attitudes, and functions.
- Growth
stops at maturity; development continues: Physical growth
generally ceases, but psychological and emotional development persists.
- Growth
is structural; development is functional: Growth deals with body
size, while development is about behavioral and functional changes.
- Growth
may not include skill improvement; development always includes
improvement: Growth is simply increase; development means
progress or evolution in skills and capabilities.
3. Describe the various stages of moral development
as proposed by Kohlberg.
Lawrence Kohlberg proposed six stages in three levels:
Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality
- Stage
1 (Obedience and Punishment Orientation): Moral reasoning based
on avoiding punishment.
- Stage
2 (Individualism and Exchange): Right action is one that
satisfies one’s own needs.
Level 2: Conventional Morality
- Stage
3 (Good Interpersonal Relationships): Good behavior means having
good motives and interpersonal feelings like love and trust.
- Stage
4 (Maintaining Social Order): Focus on obeying laws and
respecting authority.
Level 3: Post-conventional Morality
- Stage
5 (Social Contract and Individual Rights): Understanding that
rules are agreed upon for the common good, and can be changed.
- Stage
6 (Universal Ethical Principles): Morality is based on
self-chosen ethical principles that transcend laws.
In summary, moral development advances as individuals
move from concrete, self-interest reasoning to abstract, principled moral
reasoning.
4. Discuss five factors theory of personality.
The Five Factor Theory of Personality (also
known as the Big Five) includes:
- Openness
to Experience: Imagination, creativity, and curiosity.
- Conscientiousness: Organization,
reliability, and discipline.
- Extraversion: Sociability,
assertiveness, and talkativeness.
- Agreeableness: Trust,
kindness, and cooperativeness.
- Neuroticism: Emotional
instability, anxiety, and moodiness.
This theory posits that these five broad traits
summarize most human personality variations, and individuals score at different
levels on each trait.
5. Discuss the role of school and teacher in solving
the problem of adolescence.
- Providing
guidance: Teachers counsel students during adolescence, helping
them resolve emotional and academic issues.
- Offering
support: Schools create safe, supportive environments to discuss
adolescent concerns such as identity, peer pressure, and stress.
- Encouraging
participation: Schools involve adolescents in extracurricular
activities to channel their energy productively.
- Education
about health: Teachers provide information about physical and
mental health, helping adolescents make informed decisions.
- Promoting
positive values: Schools inculcate values and ethics, teaching
responsibility, respect, and empathy during this formative stage.
Teachers and schools collectively play a crucial role in
guiding adolescents through their period of "storm and stress."
6. What is projective technique? Briefly discuss on
Rorschach's Ink Blot test.
- Projective
Technique: A psychological assessment method where subjects
respond to ambiguous stimuli, revealing unconscious thoughts, feelings,
and desires.
- Rorschach's
Ink Blot Test: Developed by Hermann Rorschach, this test presents
a series of 10 inkblots to individuals, who describe what they see.
Responses are analyzed to uncover underlying personality structure,
emotional functioning, and possible mental disorders.
Projective techniques are particularly valuable in clinical
settings for diagnosing and understanding personality.
Group-C (Long Essay: 10×1=10)
Answer any one, within about 300 words.
7. Discuss Piaget's stages of Cognitive Development.
Make a critically comment on Piaget's Theory.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development:
Jean Piaget identified four stages through which children
develop cognitively:
- Sensorimotor
Stage (0-2 years):
- Infants
learn through sensory experiences and movement.
- They
develop object permanence—awareness that objects continue to
exist even when out of sight.
- Preoperational
Stage (2-7 years):
- Children
develop language and use symbols.
- Thinking
is egocentric; they struggle to see things from others' perspectives.
- Lack
concept of conservation—understanding that quantity remains
the same despite changes in shape.
- Concrete
Operational Stage (7-11 years):
- Logical
thinking develops but limited to concrete objects.
- They
understand conservation, reversibility, and cause-effect relationships.
- Difficulty
with abstract ideas.
- Formal
Operational Stage (12 years and up):
- Abstract,
hypothetical, and deductive reasoning emerges.
- Adolescents
can consider multiple perspectives and systematically solve problems.
Critical Comments on Piaget’s Theory:
- Contributions:
- Piaget’s
theory emphasized the active role of children in learning and cognitive
construction.
- It
formed the foundation for educational approaches that focus on developmental
appropriateness.
- Criticisms:
- Stages
may be too rigid; development can be more continuous and less tied to
age.
- Underestimates
children’s abilities; some children can perform tasks at earlier ages
than Piaget suggested.
- Cultural
and social factors influencing cognitive development are not adequately
emphasized.
- Later
research indicates that children may show competencies in certain areas
while not in others, challenging the idea of uniform stages.
- Despite
criticism, Piaget’s work remains highly influential in childhood
education and psychology, guiding curriculum design and pedagogical
strategies.
8. Discuss the role of family in child rearing
practices.
The family plays a central role in child rearing:
- Provides
love, security, and support essential for healthy emotional development.
- Teaches
social skills, norms, values, and discipline through daily interaction and
guidance.
- Influences
cognitive and language development via conversation, stories, and
encouragement.
- Shapes
moral development by modeling appropriate behaviors and attitudes.
- Addresses
physical needs: nutrition, healthcare, cleanliness.
- Instills
self-concept and self-esteem through encouragement, approval, and
involvement.
Family involvement ensures balanced, holistic development of
the child and prepares them to adapt positively to society.
Course
1.1.1 2nd half
"Childhood
and Growing up: Aspects of Development”
Group-A (2×5=10)
Answer any five, each within about 50 words.
i) What is meant by 'emotion'?
Emotion is a complex psychological state
involving a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral
or expressive response. It is a reaction to a stimulus, such as fear, joy,
anger, or sadness, affecting thoughts and actions.
ii) Write any two educational implications of 'attitude'.
- Positive
Attitude Promotes Learning: A student's positive attitude towards
learning encourages active participation and motivation.
- Teacher's
Attitude Shapes Environment: The teacher’s constructive attitude
creates a respectful and supportive class, influencing students' social
and academic growth.
iii) What is 'curiosity'?
Curiosity is a strong desire to learn or know
something. It drives exploration and the pursuit of new knowledge and
experiences, fostering intellectual development in children.
iv) State any two components of 'creativity'.
- Originality: The
ability to generate unique and novel ideas.
- Fluency: The
capacity to produce numerous ideas or solutions for a problem.
v) What is 'span of attention'?
Span of attention is the amount of time a person
can concentrate on a task without becoming distracted. For young children, the
span of attention is typically brief but increases with development.
vi) Distinguish between verbal and non-verbal test of
intelligence.
- Verbal
Test: Requires reading, writing, or speaking. Used for literate
individuals (e.g., reasoning, vocabulary).
- Non-Verbal
Test: Uses pictures, symbols, or actions, not dependent on
language (e.g., picture completion, block design), suitable for all
language backgrounds.
vii) What is Intrinsic Motivation?
Intrinsic motivation refers to the inner drive
to engage in activities for their own sake, due to personal satisfaction or
interest, rather than external incentives.
Group-B (5×3=15)
Answer any three, each within about 150 words.
2. What is intelligence? Explain the relationship between
mental age and intelligence quotient.
Intelligence is the overall capacity to learn,
reason, adapt to new situations, understand complex ideas, and solve problems.
It comprises logical reasoning, problem-solving, learning ability, and
adaptability.
Relationship between Mental Age and Intelligence Quotient
(IQ):
- Mental
Age (MA): A measure of a person's intellectual development as
compared to the average intellectual performance of individuals in a chronological
age group.
- Chronological
Age (CA): The actual age in years.
- For
example, if a 10-year-old child (CA=10) has a mental age of 12 (MA=12),
their IQ is 1210×100=1201012×100=120.
- Thus,
this relationship quantifies intelligence as relative to a child's age.
3. As a school teacher how can you identify attention
fluctuations among your students?
- Observing
Distraction: Noticing students who look around, play with
objects, or fidget.
- Incomplete
Tasks: Students leave work unfinished or skip steps.
- Difficulty
Following Instructions: Students repeatedly ask for
clarifications or forget instructions.
- Variable
Performance: Fluctuations in performance in similar tasks over
time.
- Lack
of Response: Students do not react or take longer to respond to
questions.
- Daydreaming
or Staring: Students appear lost in thought during lessons.
- Frequent
Mistakes: Increase in careless errors can indicate wandering
attention.
By being observant and interacting, a teacher can spot such
fluctuations and provide support accordingly.
4. Briefly explain the elements of Emotional Intelligence.
- Self-Awareness: Recognizing
one's own emotions, strengths, and weaknesses.
- Self-Regulation: Managing
emotions, impulses, and adapting to change.
- Motivation: Being
driven to achieve for the sake of accomplishment.
- Empathy: Understanding
and sharing the feelings of others.
- Social
Skills: Handling relationships, conflict resolution, cooperation,
and communication effectively.
These components help individuals manage interpersonal
relationships judiciously and empathetically, enhancing social and academic
success.
5. Discuss the major components of creativity.
- Fluency: Ability
to generate numerous ideas or responses.
- Originality: Uniqueness
and novelty in thinking.
- Flexibility: Ability
to view problems from different perspectives and adapt ideas.
- Elaboration: Ability
to expand on an idea by adding detail.
- Sensitivity
to Problems: Identifying gaps, issues, or challenges that need
creative solutions.
Creativity helps in problem-solving, innovation, and adapting
to changing environments.
6. What is Anxiety? State the characteristics of Anxiety.
Anxiety is a feeling of unease, worry, or fear
about anticipated future events. It is a normal emotional response to stress or
uncertainty.
Characteristics:
- Physical
symptoms: Rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling.
- Cognitive
symptoms: Excessive worry, negative thoughts, restlessness.
- Emotional
symptoms: Fear, irritability, nervousness.
- Behavioral
symptoms: Avoidance of situations, difficulty concentrating.
- Impact
on daily life: Hinders routine activities and performance if
severe.
Group-C (10×1=10)
Answer any one of the following in about 300 words.
7. Briefly discuss the Weiner's theory of Motivation.
Mention the educational significance of Maslow's theory of motivation.
Weiner's Theory of Motivation: Attribution Theory
- Bernard
Weiner’s Attribution Theory explains motivation based on how individuals
interpret events and how this relates to their thinking and behavior.
- Key
concepts:
- Attribution: The
explanations individuals make for their successes and failures.
- Dimensions: Locus
(internal/external), Stability (stable/unstable), and Controllability
(controllable/uncontrollable).
- For
example: Success can be attributed to ability (internal,
stable), effort (internal, controllable), task difficulty (external,
stable), or luck (external, unstable).
- Impact: When
students attribute their failure to lack of effort (internal,
controllable) rather than lack of ability (internal, stable), they are
more likely to persevere and improve.
- Educational
Impact: Teachers should encourage attributions to effort,
promoting resilience and a growth mindset.
Maslow’s Theory of Motivation: Educational Significance
- Maslow’s
Hierarchy of Needs arranges human needs in five ascending levels:
Physiological, Safety, Love/Belonging, Esteem, and Self-actualization.
- Educational
Implications:
- Prioritize
Basic Needs: Learning cannot occur unless lower-level needs
(hunger, safety) are met.
- Build
a Safe Environment: Schools must provide emotional and physical
security.
- Foster
Belonging and Self-Esteem: Collaborative classrooms and positive
relationships boost belonging and confidence.
- Encourage
Growth: Challenge and support students to realize their full
potential (self-actualization).
- Holistic
Approach: Teachers should address social, emotional, and
psychological needs, not just academics.
- Student-Centered
Learning: Understanding where students are on the hierarchy
allows individualized support.
Together, these theories guide teachers to shape
environments that motivate, empower, and support all learners.
8. Explain the Thurston's theory of Intelligence with its
educational significances.
Thurston’s Theory of Intelligence (Primary Mental
Abilities)
- Proposed
by L.L. Thurstone, this theory challenges the view of a single “general
intelligence” (g).
- Seven
Primary Mental Abilities:
- Verbal
Comprehension: Understanding words and language.
- Word
Fluency: Generating words rapidly.
- Number
Ability: Performing quick and accurate arithmetic.
- Spatial
Visualization: Visualizing and manipulating objects/shapes.
- Associative
Memory: Memorizing and recalling information.
- Perceptual
Speed: Quickly identifying similarities and differences.
- Reasoning: Solving
problems and logical thinking.
- Key
Points:
- Intelligence
is multi-dimensional, not a single ability.
- Individuals
may excel in some abilities, but not others.
Educational Significance:
- Diverse
Curriculum: Education should cater to varied intellectual
strengths, encouraging development in multiple areas.
- Individual
Recognition: Teachers can identify students’ strong and weak
areas and personalize instruction.
- Assessment
Variety: Use different assessment methods to gauge diverse
skills, not just linguistic or logical.
- Holistic
Development: Encourages development of a well-rounded personality
with abilities beyond academics.
- Addressing
Weaknesses: Targeted teaching can help improve weaker domains.
This approach values individual differences and promotes an
inclusive, supportive learning environment.
Course
1.1.2 (1st half)
Contemporary
India and Education—Education in Post-Independent India.
Group-A (2×5=10)
Answer any five within 50 words.
i) What is meant by Fundamental Rights in Indian
Constitution?
Fundamental Rights are a set of rights guaranteed by the
Indian Constitution to all citizens, ensuring their individual freedoms,
equality before law, and protection against arbitrary actions of the state.
These include rights such as freedom of speech, right to equality, right to
education, and right against exploitation.
ii) Write two roles of parents in developing values among
their children.
- Role
Model: Parents demonstrate values like honesty, respect, and
compassion through their actions, setting examples for children to
imitate.
- Guidance: They
guide children by teaching them the difference between right and wrong and
encouraging moral decision-making in everyday life.
iii) What is Operation Black-Board?
Operation Black-Board was an Indian government scheme
launched in 1987 to provide essential minimum facilities like blackboards,
teaching aids, furniture, and toilets to all primary schools for improving the
quality of primary education.
iv) What do you mean by equalization in education?
Equalization in education means ensuring that all students,
regardless of their socio-economic, regional, or cultural background, get equal
access to learning opportunities, resources, and facilities so that no one is
deprived of a quality education.
v) What is Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan?
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is a flagship programme launched
by the Government of India in 2001 aiming for the universalization of
elementary education. Its goal is to provide free and compulsory education to
all children aged 6 to 14 years.
vi) What is meant by 'three language formula'?
The 'three language formula' is an educational policy in
India recommending that students learn three languages in schools: the regional
language, Hindi, and English/another modern Indian language to promote national
integration and multilingual competency.
vii) What is marginalization?
Marginalization refers to the process through which certain
groups or individuals are excluded or pushed to the edges of society, limiting
their access to resources, opportunities, and participation in mainstream
social, economic, or political activities.
Group-B (5×3=15)
Answer any three (most important group, elaborated as
requested).
2. Briefly explain the significance of directive
principles in Indian Constitution.
Directive Principles of State Policy are
guidelines in the Indian Constitution (Articles 36-51) that direct the
government to ensure social and economic democracy. Though not legally
enforceable in courts, they are fundamental in governance.
Significance:
- Social
Justice: Advocate for equal distribution of resources.
- Welfare
State: Lead the government to promote education, health, and
living standards.
- Legal
Framework: Influence the creation of laws for weaker sections,
women, and children.
- Promotion
of Education: Mandate the provision of free and compulsory
education for children up to 14 years.
- Protection
of Environment: Emphasize preservation of environment and
cultural heritage.
In essence, they act as a moral compass for policy-making in India.
3. Discuss in brief Swami Vivekananda's view about women
education.
Swami Vivekananda recognized women as a vital force for
national progress and advocated their empowerment through education.
Key Views:
- Women’s
Education is Nation’s Education: Educated women are crucial for
social upliftment and nation-building.
- Integral
Development: Emphasized both academic and spiritual development
for women.
- Self-Reliance
and Confidence: Education should help women become self-reliant
and confident.
- Equality: Advocated
for equal opportunities and the same respect as men.
- Character
Building: Stressed moral and character education alongside
intellectual growth.
Vivekananda firmly believed that the progress of India depended on the progress of its women.
4. Write short note on 'Autonomous College'.
An Autonomous College is a higher education
institution granted autonomy by the University Grants Commission (UGC).
Features:
- Academic
Independence: It can design its courses, syllabi, and examination
system.
- Internal
Assessments: Conducts its own assessments and evaluations.
- Affiliated
Status: Remains affiliated to a parent university for degree
conferral.
- Innovations
Possible: Enables curriculum innovation to respond to current
needs.
- Quality
Improvement: Generally leads to improved academic standards as
colleges can focus on local/industry requirements.
Autonomy encourages innovation and quality in higher education.
5. Write the causes of inequality in education.
Causes:
- Socio-Economic
Disparity: Poverty limits access to quality schools, books, and
extra support.
- Regional
Imbalance: Urban-rural gap in infrastructure, facilities, and teacher
quality.
- Caste
& Gender Discrimination: Prejudices prevent girls and
marginalized groups from receiving education.
- Language
Barriers: Children from non-dominant language groups often face
disadvantages.
- Differently-abled
Students: Lack of inclusive infrastructure and resources for
special needs education.
Inequality persists due to these interconnected social, economic, and systemic factors.
6. Explain the concept of universalization of secondary
education.
Universalization of secondary education means
making education at the secondary level (usually Class IX–X) available,
accessible, and compulsory to all children of the relevant age group,
regardless of gender, caste, region, or economic background.
Objectives:
- Accessibility: Establish
schools within reasonable distance for all children.
- Equity: Remove
barriers related to gender, disability, language, or location.
- Quality: Provide
adequate infrastructure, trained teachers, and updated curriculum.
- Retention: Reduce
dropouts and improve transition rates from elementary to secondary
education.
- Inclusivity: Target
marginalized and vulnerable groups.
It aims at the holistic development of youth for higher education, employment, and responsible citizenship.
Group-C (10×1=10)
Answer any one within about 300 words (elaborated and
structured as requested).
7. What do you understand by 'Value Crisis'? Mention the
major programmes of value development in school curriculum.
What is ‘Value Crisis’?
A Value Crisis refers to the decline or
confusion in the accepted norms, values, ethics, and morals of society. Rapid
modernization, technological changes, exposure to diverse cultures,
materialism, and erosion of traditional systems lead to conflicts and confusion
regarding what is right or wrong.
Manifestations:
- Increase
in dishonesty, corruption, violence, selfishness.
- Lack
of empathy, respect, and civic sense.
- Deterioration
of personal, social, environmental, and national responsibility.
Major Programmes of Value Development in School
Curriculum:
- Value
Education Classes: Formal teaching of universal values like
honesty, integrity, respect, tolerance, and empathy.
- Co-Curricular
Activities: Participation in music, art, sports, drama, debates,
and community service that imbibe teamwork, discipline, and compassion.
- Morning
Assembly and Thought of the Day: Incorporating moral stories,
pledges, and speeches promoting ethical behavior.
- Celebration
of National Days and Festivals: Instilling patriotism, respect
for cultural plurality, and community harmony.
- Civic
Education: Teaching the Constitution, duties, rights, and civic
responsibilities.
- Social
Work and Outreach: Visits to old age homes, cleanliness drives,
and volunteering build sensitivity and altruism.
- Role
Modelling by Teachers: Teachers consciously practice and
demonstrate values in daily interactions.
- Inclusion
of Value-Based Content: Incorporating value-based stories,
biographies, and case studies in textbooks.
Conclusion:
A well-planned school curriculum addresses value crisis by integrating value
development both inside and outside classrooms, shaping responsible, ethical
citizens.
8. Discuss in brief the views of Swami Vivekananda about
mass education.
Swami Vivekananda's Views on Mass Education:
- Education
is Birthright: He advocated that education must reach every individual,
irrespective of caste, religion, gender, or socio-economic status.
- Means
for National Regeneration: Mass education is the foundation for
national development, self-reliance, and social transformation.
- Character
and Man-Making: Education should build character,
self-confidence, and a sense of duty, rather than just impart literacy.
- Practical
and Vocational Education: He stressed on the need for practical
skills, vocational training, and education in native languages, to make
learners self-sufficient and employable.
- Moral
and Spiritual Ideals: Integration of moral, spiritual, and
cultural values in mass education was essential to build an ethical
society rooted in India’s traditions.
- Inclusive
Approach: Women, lower castes, and rural populations must have
equal access to quality education.
- Teacher’s
Role: Teachers should act as facilitators, inspiring learners to
think independently, develop reasoning, and cultivate virtues.
Swami Vivekananda's vision for mass education was comprehensive, aiming not only
at literacy but also at character formation, self-reliance, and nation-building
through an inclusive, value-based, and practical approach.
Course
1.1.2 (2nd half)
Contemporary
India & Education—Policy Framework for Education in India.
Group-A (2×5=10)
(Five sample short answers within 50 words each)
i) Write the full form of NCTE and mention its two
functions.
- Full
Form: National Council for Teacher Education.
- Two
Functions: (a) Laying down norms and standards for teacher
education, (b) Accrediting teacher education institutions.
ii) Write full form of IASE. Write one important function of
IASE.
- Full
Form: Institute of Advanced Studies in Education.
- One
Function: Provides advanced and in-service teacher training and
conducts educational research.
iii) What is relative poverty?
Relative poverty refers to a condition where people are poor
in comparison to others in society, lacking resources to maintain a standard of
living considered normal or acceptable.
iv) What is meant by student unrest? Mention two reasons for
student unrest.
- Meaning: Student
unrest is collective dissatisfaction among students leading to protests,
strikes, or agitation.
- Two
Reasons: Unemployment concerns, dissatisfaction with curricular
or examination policies.
v) Mention two differences between Adult Education and Open
Education.
- Adult
Education: Focuses on literacy and life skills for adults, often
classroom-based.
- Open
Education: Open to all ages, uses flexible modes like
online/distance learning, broader subject coverage.
vi) Write the full form of RMSA. Mention one important
function of RMSA.
- Full
Form: Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan.
- One
Function: Expanding and improving access to secondary education
across India.
vii) Mention two initiatives of the Government for the development
of Tribal Education.
- Establishment
of Eklavya Model Residential Schools for tribal students.
- Implementation
of special scholarships and free textbooks/supplies for tribal children.
Group-B (5×3=15)
Answer any three (elaborate and structured).
2. Write the functions of SCERT.
- Curriculum
Development: Prepares and revises curricular frameworks and
syllabi for primary and secondary schools.
- Teacher
Training: Designs in-service and pre-service training modules for
teachers' professional development.
- Research: Conducts
research on pedagogy, assessment, and innovation for educational
improvement.
- Preparation
of Learning Materials: Publishes textbooks, workbooks, and
educational resources for teachers and students.
- Academic
Support: Provides guidance and support to schools for better
implementation of education policies and schemes.
3. What is meant by Adult Education? Explain the importance
of Adult Education in India.
Definition:
Adult Education refers to structured learning programs for adults (above 18 years)
focusing on literacy, numeracy, life skills, vocational skills, and civic
awareness.
Importance in India:
- Eradicates
Illiteracy: Helps reduce the high illiteracy rate among adults,
especially in rural and marginalized communities.
- Empowers
Citizens: Enables adults to understand their rights and
responsibilities and participate in democratic processes.
- Economic
Upliftment: Improves job opportunities and productivity through
skill development.
- Social
Awareness: Raises awareness on health, sanitation, gender
equality, and social issues.
- Improves
Family Life: Literate adults ensure better education, health, and
welfare for their children.
4. Mention the differences between Educational Planning and
Institutional Planning.
|
Aspect |
Educational Planning |
Institutional Planning |
|
Definition |
Macro-level planning for the educational sector or system
at state/national level |
Micro-level planning by a specific school or college |
|
Scope |
Policy formulation, resource allocation, infrastructural
development, curriculum reforms |
School timetable, resource management, student affairs |
|
Authority |
Government or education authorities |
Head of the institution and staff |
|
Objective |
Achieve national/state educational goals |
Address specific needs and improvement of institution |
|
Example |
Five-year educational plans, Universal Primary Education
schemes |
Annual school plan, budget, discipline policy |
5. Write down the functions of NUEPA.
- Policy
Research: Engages in educational planning and management research
at all levels.
- Capacity
Building: Provides training to educational administrators,
planners, and policy makers.
- Data
Management: Collects, processes, and disseminates educational
statistics and data (e.g., UDISE+).
- Advisory
Role: Advises governments on policy formulation, educational
reforms, and management practices.
- Publication
and Dissemination: Publishes reports, handbooks, research
studies, and journals related to education management.
6. Explain about the "Administrative Structure of
Secondary Education."
- Central
Government (MoE): Frames national policies, allocates funds, and
oversees flagship schemes like RMSA.
- State
Government (Dept. of School Education): Implements policies,
recruits and manages teachers, develops and updates curriculum.
- Directorates/Boards: State
Boards of Secondary Education regulate exams, affiliation, and standards.
- District
and Block Offices: DIOs and BEOs supervise school functioning at
district/block levels, ensuring quality and compliance.
- School
Level: Managed by principals/headmasters who implement day-to-day
academic and administrative tasks.
Group-C (10×1=10)
Answer any one in about 300 words (most important,
elaborated and well-structured).
7. Write any two reasons for population explosion. Mention
two measures to control population explosion. What is the relationship between
population explosion and Education?
Reasons for Population Explosion:
- Lack
of Awareness and Education: Low literacy rates lead to
insufficient knowledge about family planning, contraception, and the
disadvantages of large families.
- High
Birth Rate and Declining Death Rate: Improvements in healthcare
and reduction of infant mortality without an equivalent drop in birth
rates result in rapid population growth.
Measures to Control Population Explosion:
- Promoting
Family Planning: Expansion of family welfare programs through
awareness campaigns, free access to contraceptives, and incentives for
small families.
- Education
and Empowerment: Spreading education, especially among girls and
women, delays marriage age, boosts awareness, and improves decision-making
about family size.
Relationship between Population Explosion and Education:
- Bidirectional
Impact: High population growth strains the education system,
leading to overcrowded classrooms, low teacher-student ratios, and
inadequate resources.
- Breaking
Vicious Cycle: Education, especially for women, is key to
controlling birth rates, as educated girls tend to marry later and have
fewer children.
- Informed
Choices: Literacy and awareness allow individuals to make better
choices about family size, health, and overall well-being.
Thus, education not only suffers from uncontrolled population but also offers the essential solution for population stabilization.
8. What do you mean by Supervision? What is leadership?
Mention different types of leadership. Write any four qualities of a good
leader.
Supervision:
Supervision is the process of overseeing, guiding, and
supporting the activities of others (teachers/students) to ensure that
standards and objectives are met. It involves monitoring, evaluating, mentoring,
and providing feedback for improvement.
Leadership:
Leadership is the ability to guide, motivate, and influence
individuals or groups toward achieving common goals and organizational success.
Types of Leadership:
- Autocratic
Leadership: Leader makes decisions unilaterally, expects
obedience.
- Democratic
Leadership: Leader involves team members in decision-making
processes.
- Laissez-faire
Leadership: Leader provides minimal control; followers have
freedom to act.
- Transactional
Leadership: Based on rewards and punishments.
- Transformational
Leadership: Inspires followers through vision, motivation, and
support.
Qualities of a Good Leader:
- Integrity: Honest,
ethical, and trustworthy.
- Effective
Communication: Clearly conveys ideas and actively listens.
- Empathy: Understands
and cares about the needs of others.
- Decisiveness
and Confidence: Makes timely decisions and stands by them.
Other qualities include vision, adaptability, the ability to motivate others, and a commitment to continuous learning.
Course
1.1.4
(Language
Across the Curriculum)
Group-A (2×5=10)
Answer any five in about 50
words each:
1. What is 'Dialect'?
A dialect is a
specific form or variety of a language spoken by people in a particular region
or social group. It features differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, and
grammar from the standard language. Dialects reflect local culture, tradition,
and communication styles.
2. What do you understand by
'Language across the Curriculum'?
Language across the Curriculum is
an educational approach that emphasizes the use and development of language
skills (reading, writing, speaking, listening) in all subjects—not just
language classes. It supports that effective learning in every discipline
depends on good language proficiency.
3. What is meant by 'Classroom
Discourse'?
Classroom discourse refers
to the language used in classroom interactions, covering teacher-student and
student-student communication. It includes questioning, explanations,
discussions, and feedback, shaping the learning environment and knowledge
construction.
4. State two advantages of close
ended questions.
- Easy Evaluation: Responses can be
quickly assessed as they require specific, short answers (e.g., yes/no,
factual recall).
- Focus: They keep discussions or
assessments targeted and discourage digression.
5. What is 'collaborative
teaching'?
Collaborative teaching is
a method where two or more teachers jointly plan, instruct, and assess a group
of students, leveraging their combined skills and expertise to address diverse
learner needs and facilitate richer educational experiences.
6. What is meant by 'Expository
text'?
An expository text is
a type of written or spoken material that explains, describes, or informs about
a subject. Its main purpose is to present facts, clarify ideas, or provide
instructions, rather than to entertain or narrate.
7. What do you understand by
language proficiency?
Language proficiency refers
to a person’s ability to use a language accurately and effectively in
listening, speaking, reading, and writing. It reflects one’s fluency,
vocabulary, grammar, comprehension, and communication skills.
Group-B (Answer any three
questions, each within 150 words)
2. How does 'discussion' facilitate
learning in the classroom?
Introduction:
Discussion is a key interactive teaching strategy that encourages active
participation, critical thinking, and deeper understanding in students.
Main Points:
- Enhances Comprehension: By exchanging
ideas, students clarify doubts and reinforce learning.
- Develops Critical Thinking: Encourages
analysis, evaluation, and reasoning through argumentation and debate.
- Promotes Active Learning: Students
become contributors, not just passive recipients.
- Improves Communication: Builds verbal
skills and confidence in sharing thoughts.
- Encourages Collaboration: Fosters
respect for diverse perspectives and cooperative learning.
Conclusion:
Overall, classroom discussion creates a dynamic learning environment that
supports knowledge construction, engagement, and social skills development.
3. Discuss the role of teacher in a
multicultural classroom
Introduction:
A multicultural classroom includes students from diverse ethnic, cultural, and
linguistic backgrounds, requiring special pedagogical considerations.
Main Points:
- Cultural Sensitivity: Teachers must
respect and understand diverse customs and traditions.
- Inclusive Curriculum: Use stories,
examples, and content reflecting multiple cultures to foster acceptance.
- Equal Opportunity: Ensure fair
participation and support for all learners.
- Conflict Mediation: Handle cultural
misunderstandings thoughtfully and promote harmony.
- Building Bridges: Encourage learners to
share their cultural experiences to cultivate mutual respect and understanding.
Conclusion:
Teachers play a pivotal role in transforming multicultural classrooms into
inclusive environments that celebrate diversity and ensure academic success for
all.
4. Discuss the concept of Power
dynamics of 'Standard language' and 'Dialect'
Introduction:
Language serves not only as communication but also reflects social power
structures, especially seen in standard language versus dialect relations.
Main Points:
- Standard Language: Considered
prestigious; used officially in media, education, and governance.
- Dialect: Often socially and
educationally marginalized despite being culturally rich.
- Power Dynamics: Speakers of standard
language usually have socio-economic advantages, influencing access to
resources and opportunities.
- Educational Implication: Teachers need
to value dialects as cultural identity markers while facilitating
proficiency in the standard language to promote equity.
Conclusion:
Understanding power relations in language helps educators create more inclusive
classrooms that respect linguistic diversity while preparing learners for
societal participation.
5. Discuss the characteristics of
'language'
Introduction:
Language is a fundamental human tool for communication, thinking, and cultural
expression.
Main Points:
- Systematic: Language follows structured
grammatical rules.
- Symbolic: Words represent concepts, not
objects directly.
- Dynamic: Language evolves with society
changes.
- Cultural: Reflects and transmits a
community's culture and values.
- Creative: Infinite sentences from
finite elements.
- Social: Essential for interaction and
community life.
Conclusion:
Language’s multifaceted characteristics make it integral to learning, social
bonding, and cognitive development.
6. Discuss about nature of reading
process.
Introduction:
Reading is a complex cognitive process involving decoding symbols and
comprehending meaning.
Main Points:
- Active Engagement: Readers interact
with the text critically.
- Decoding and Comprehension: Visual
recognition followed by understanding ideas.
- Purposeful: Reading can be for
pleasure, information, or instruction.
- Influenced by Background: Reader’s
prior knowledge affects interpretation.
- Strategic: Use of skimming, scanning,
summarizing depending on goals.
Conclusion:
Reading is a dynamic, purposeful activity essential to learning and information
gathering across curricula.
Group-C (Answer any one question
within 300 words)
7. Briefly discuss the Contributions
of the language theory of Noam Chomsky or Ferdinand de Saussure to the field of
language development
Introduction:
Theories of Noam Chomsky and Ferdinand de Saussure revolutionized our
understanding of language development and linguistics.
Main Points:
- Noam Chomsky:
- Introduced the concept of Universal
Grammar, proposing that humans have an innate language acquisition
device (LAD).
- This natural ability allows children to acquire
language rapidly despite limited input, focusing on internal cognitive
processes.
- Distinguished between competence (knowledge)
and performance (actual use), highlighting the
creativity and structure-generating capacity of language.
- Ferdinand de Saussure:
- Founded modern structural linguistics emphasizing
the study of language as a system of signs (signifier and signified).
- Distinguished langue (language
system) and parole (language use), focusing on
relationships between words for meaning (synchronic analysis).
- His ideas laid the foundation for semiotics and
influenced various linguistic and cultural studies.
Conclusion:
Chomsky’s and Saussure’s theories advanced language development research,
informing language teaching approaches, linguistics, and cognitive science.
8. State the importance of
questioning. Discuss the role of the teacher in respect to questioning in the
classroom.
Introduction:
Questioning is a vital teaching tool that promotes critical thinking and
engagement in classrooms.
Importance:
- Stimulates students’ curiosity and cognitive
activity.
- Encourages participation and communication.
- Checks comprehension and retention.
- Fosters analytical and problem-solving skills.
- Guides the direction of lessons based on students’
responses.
Role of the Teacher:
- Frame diverse and meaningful questions to suit
different cognitive levels.
- Allocate sufficient wait time after questions for
thoughtful answers.
- Encourage all students’ participation.
- Use follow-up questions to deepen understanding.
- Provide positive feedback to motivate learners.
- Adjust teaching strategies based on students’ responses.
Conclusion:
Effective questioning transforms classrooms into dynamic learning spaces,
enhancing understanding, communication, and critical thinking.
Course
1.1.5
Understanding
Discipline and Subjects
Group-A (Answer any five, 2×5=10)
1. i) State any two objectives of
teaching Social Science.
- To develop social awareness and understanding of
society and its problems.
- To prepare students for responsible citizenship and
understanding democratic values.
ii) "Necessity is the mother
of invention" — Give two examples.
- Invention of wheel due to need for easier
transportation.
- Development of telephone to facilitate long-distance
communication.
iii) What is the relevance of
language teaching in the school curriculum?
- Language is essential for communication and
learning.
- Facilitates understanding of other subjects by
enhancing comprehension skills.
iv) Give any two applications of
Mathematics in day to day life.
- Managing personal finances (budgeting, shopping).
- Measurement and calculation in cooking and
construction.
v) What is the role of language in
children’s intellectual development?
- Language enables thinking, reasoning, and
problem-solving.
- It provides a medium to express ideas and acquire
knowledge.
vi) How is Social Science related
to Science?
- Social Science studies human society while Science
studies natural phenomena.
- Science provides data and methods that Social
Science uses to understand societal impacts.
vii) What do you mean by
link-language?
- A language used to facilitate communication between
people of different native languages.
- Example: English in India acting as a link
language.
Group-B (Answer any three, 5×3=15)
2. Discuss briefly the place of
Social Science in School curriculum.
Introduction:
Social Science is a core component of school curriculum essential for holistic
development.
Points:
- Teaches history, geography, civics, and economics,
providing knowledge about society and environment.
- Develops critical thinking and awareness of social
issues.
- Promotes democratic values, citizenship, and social
responsibility.
- Encourages respect for diversity and cultural
heritage.
- Helps students understand government functioning
and rights.
Conclusion:
Social Science nurtures informed, responsible citizens prepared for
contemporary social challenges.
3. "Science is an organized
body of knowledge" — Explain.
Introduction:
Science is a systematic way to understand natural phenomena.
Points:
- Knowledge based on observation, experimentation,
and evidence.
- Organized into branches (physics, chemistry,
biology) with specific laws and principles.
- Involves hypotheses, theories, and laws validated
through repeatable experiments.
- Continuously evolving with new discoveries and
technologies.
Conclusion:
Science's organization allows for reliable knowledge creation, its application
benefiting humanity and progress.
4. Discuss the relationship of
Mathematics with other subjects.
Introduction:
Mathematics is integral to many disciplines.
Points:
- Science: Essential for measurements,
data analysis, and experiments.
- Economics: Statistical analysis for
market trends.
- Geography: Map reading, spatial
analysis.
- Technology & Engineering: Problem-solving
and logical design.
- Arts: Symmetry, patterns, and
proportion in design and music.
Conclusion:
Mathematics is foundational to diverse subjects, supporting analytical and
practical skills.
5. Explain the need of studying
Social Science through interdisciplinary approach.
Introduction:
Modern social issues require integrated knowledge.
Points:
- Helps understand complex problems (poverty, environment)
from multiple perspectives.
- Encourages holistic problem-solving combining
history, economics, geography, and politics.
- Develops varied skills: research, communication,
critical analysis.
- Prepares students for real-world challenges and
diverse careers.
Conclusion:
Interdisciplinary study broadens understanding, enhancing relevance and
effectiveness of Social Science education.
6. Discuss the philosophy of Social
Science.
Introduction:
Social Science explores human society and social relationships.
Points:
- Emphasizes understanding human behavior and social
structures.
- Values justice, equality, and ethical governance.
- Combines empirical and theoretical knowledge.
- Dynamic and culturally sensitive, it evolves with
society.
- Promotes democracy and social welfare.
Conclusion:
Social Science philosophy aims to improve society by studying its complexities
and guiding policy and behavior.
Group-C
(Answer any one, 10×1=10)
7. "Education is an
interdisciplinary field of study" — Explain.
Introduction:
Education draws upon multiple disciplines to address the complexity of teaching
and learning.
Points:
- Combines psychology (learning theories), sociology
(social context), philosophy (ethics and aims).
- Integrates history (evolution), technology
(Teaching aids), and economics (resource allocation).
- Uses diverse research methods from stats,
anthropology, and psychology.
- Helps solve complex educational problems through
multiple lenses.
- Enables teachers to address learner diversity,
motivation, and social issues.
Conclusion:
Education’s interdisciplinary nature helps create dynamic, inclusive learning
experiences preparing students for multifaceted real-life challenges.
8. Discuss in detail the aims and
objectives of teaching different languages in school curriculum.
Introduction:
Teaching languages in schools equips students with vital communication and
cognitive skills.
Aims:
- Develop communication proficiency for academic,
social, and professional use.
- Foster appreciation for linguistic and cultural
diversity.
- Enhance cognitive development and critical
thinking.
- Promote national integration and global
understanding.
Objectives:
- Enable mastery in listening, speaking, reading, and
writing skills.
- Encourage literary appreciation through exposure to
classical and modern works.
- Build confidence and personality through effective
expression.
- Support multilingual competence for diverse career
opportunities.
- Encourage ethical and cultural sensitivity through
language education.
Conclusion:
Teaching languages holistically promotes intellectual growth, cultural
awareness, and social skills essential for lifelong success.
Course 1.1.EPC-1
Reading and
Reflection on Texts
Group-A (2×5=10)
Answer any five; each within 50
words.
i) Mention two advantages of loud
reading.
- Improves Pronunciation: Helps in
correct articulation of words and sounds.
- Boosts Confidence: Builds
self-assurance for public speaking and oral presentations.
ii) What is meant by 'Meta
cognition for reading'?
- Definition: Meta-cognition for reading
means being aware of, and controlling, one's own reading processes
(planning, monitoring, evaluating), such as knowing when to re-read or use
context clues while understanding a text.
iii) What is 'creative reading'?
- Definition: Creative reading involves
going beyond the literal meaning, interpreting, imagining, and forming new
ideas or solutions as inspired by the text.
iv) What is meant by SQ3R
Techniques?
- Definition: The SQ3R technique stands
for Survey, Question, Read, Recite, and Review—a systematic method to
enhance reading comprehension and retention.
v) State two disadvantages of
silent reading.
- Lack of Pronunciation Practice: May
lead to incorrect reading habits.
- Limited Engagement: Lessens oral
fluency and may result in daydreaming and loss of concentration.
vi) What is Phonetic Method of
Reading?
- Definition: It is a method that teaches
reading by associating sounds with letters or groups of letters
(phonemes), helping students decode and pronounce words by their sound
patterns.
vii) Who is Expert Reader?
- Definition: An expert reader is someone
who reads fluently, comprehends deeply, interprets critically, and adapts
their reading strategy as per the text and purpose.
Group-B (5×3=15)
Answer any three, preferably
with intro and conclusion.
2. Differentiate between skimming
reading and scanning reading.
Introduction:
Skimming and scanning are rapid reading strategies for different purposes.
Differences:
- Skimming:
- Quick reading to get the main idea or gist of the
text.
- Used for previewing, finding the overall theme.
- Involves looking at headings, subheadings, and
topic sentences.
- Scanning:
- Searching for specific information (e.g., a date,
number, keyword).
- Eyes move quickly to locate details without
reading everything.
- Used for fact-finding in a dictionary or
timetable.
Conclusion:
Both are vital techniques to save time while reading purposefully—skimming for
general insight and scanning for details.
3. Discuss the importance of
reading across curriculum.
Introduction:
Reading is fundamental to learning—not limited to language classes but crucial
in all subjects.
Points:
- Enables Understanding: Students
comprehend concepts in science, social studies, math through reading.
- Develops Critical Thinking: Encourages
analysis, comparison, and application across subjects.
- Builds Vocabulary and Knowledge: Exposure
to varied content broadens language and conceptual understanding.
- Supports Independent Learning: Students
use textbooks, digital resources in self-study.
Conclusion:
Integrating reading across the curriculum fosters holistic learning and
lifelong literacy.
4. Write the characteristics of
ideal reading with examples.
Introduction:
Ideal reading ensures both comprehension and engagement with texts.
Characteristics:
- Purposeful: Reader knows the goal
(e.g., to inform, evaluate).
- Fluent: Smooth, effortless, and
accurate reading.
- Interactive: Reader asks questions,
predicts, connects ideas.
- Critical: Ability to distinguish facts
from opinions (e.g., when reading news or essays).
- Reflective: Reviews and assimilates
what is read (summarizing a story).
Conclusion:
Ideal readers adapt strategies, understand texts deeply, and apply insights in
real life.
5. Discuss, in brief, two
techniques applicable for developing vocabulary for reading.
Introduction:
A rich vocabulary is vital for effective reading and comprehension.
Techniques:
- Context Clues: Deciphering meaning of
unknown words using surrounding text.
- Word Maps/Graphic Organizers: Visual
representation of a word’s definition, synonyms, antonyms, and usage in a
sentence.
Conclusion:
Regular use of these techniques greatly enhances reading skills and language
proficiency.
6. Discuss, in brief, the problems
of reading.
Introduction:
Reading difficulties hinder academic achievement and confidence.
Problems:
- Poor Decoding Skills: Struggling with
letter-sound correspondence affects fluency.
- Limited Vocabulary: Restricts
understanding, especially of complex texts.
- Lack of Motivation or Interest: Leads
to disengaged, inattentive reading.
- Inattention and Fatigue: Results in
skipping lines or missing details.
- Comprehension Deficits: Difficulty in
inferring, summarizing, or analyzing meaning.
Conclusion:
Early identification and support are essential to overcome reading challenges
and foster literacy.
For Further Study (Related Materials)
- BSAEU B.ED. 1ST SEMESTER PYQ SOLVE SERIES -SESSION 2023-2025
- BSAEU B.ED. 1ST SEMESTER PYQ SOLVE SERIES -SESSION 2021-2023
